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= <span class="f_Header">SRAM</span> = Every variable uses memory. Variables are stored in memory. This memory is also called SRAM (static ram). <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> The available memory depends on the chip. When you double click on the chip pinout, you can view the parameters of the used chip. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> A special kind of memory are the registers in the AVR. Registers 0-31 have addresses 0-31. Almost all registers are used by the compiler or might be used in the future. Which registers are used depends on the program statements you use. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> This brings us back to the SRAM. No SRAM is used by the compiler other than the space needed for the software stack ([http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_swstack.htm $SWSTACK]) and frame ([http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_framesize.htm $FRAMESIZE]) Some statements might use some SRAM. When this is the case it is mentioned in the help topic of that statement. &nbsp; For example,&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/config_clock.htm CONFIG CLOCK]&nbsp;in user mode requires variables to hold the time. Variables like _sec , _min , _hour, _day , _month , _year. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> Each 8 bits used occupy one byte. When you dimension 1 bit, you will also use 1 byte. Each byte variable occupies one byte. Each integer/word variable occupies two bytes. Each Long, Dword or Single variable occupies four bytes. Each double variable occupies 8 bytes. Each string variable occupies at least 2 bytes. A string with a length of 10 occupies 11 bytes. &nbsp; [[File:Notice.jpg|notice]]Strings need an additional byte (Null termination) to indicate the end of the string. That's why a string of 10 bytes occupies 11 bytes. &nbsp; [[File:Notice.jpg|notice]]With dimension of a bit you will occupy one byte. &nbsp; &nbsp; Use bits or byte variables wherever you can to save memory. (not allowed for negative values) <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">See also&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/dim.htm DIM]</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> The software stack is used to store the addresses of LOCAL variables and for variables that are passed to SUB routines. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> Each LOCAL variable and passed variable to a SUB/FUNCTION, requires two bytes to store the address (because it is a 16-Bit address = 2 bytes). So when you have a SUB routine in your program that passes 10 variables, you need 10 * 2 = 20 bytes. When you use 2 LOCAL variables in the SUB program that receives the 10 variables, you need additional 2 * 2 = 4 bytes. &nbsp; See also&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/declare_sub.htm DECLARE SUB],&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/declare_function.htm DECLARE FUNCTION] <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> The software stack ([http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_swstack.htm $SWSTACK]) size can be calculated by taking the maximum number of parameters in a SUB routine, adding the number of LOCAL variables and multiplying the result by 2. To be safe, add 4 more bytes for internally used LOCAL variables. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> LOCAL variables are stored in a place that is named the Frame ([http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_framesize.htm $FRAMESIZE]) <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> When you have a LOCAL STRING with a size of 40 bytes, and a LOCAL LONG, you need 41 + 4 bytes = 45 bytes of frame space. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> When you use conversion routines such as&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/str.htm STR],&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/val.htm VAL],&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/hex.htm HEX],&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/input.htm INPUT]&nbsp;etc. that convert from numeric to string and vice versa, you also need a frame. Note that the use of the&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/input.htm INPUT]&nbsp;statement with a numeric variable, or the use of the&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/print.htm PRINT]&nbsp;or&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/lcd_1.htm LCD]statement with a numeric variable, will also force you to reserve 24 bytes of frame space. This because these routines use the internal numeric<>string conversion routines. &nbsp; [[File:Notice.jpg|notice]]In fact, the compiler creates a buffer of 24 bytes that serves as scratchpad for temporary variables, and conversion buffer space. So the frame space should be&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">24 at minimum&nbsp;</span>([http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_framesize.htm $FRAMESIZE]&nbsp;= 24). This 24 Byte start at the beginning of the Frame which act as the conversion buffer within the frame <span style="font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;</span> &nbsp; For an ATXMEGA or ATMEGA you have usually enough SRAM so you can start with higher values of Stack and Frame. &nbsp; With an ATTINY13 and 64Byte SRAM it is a challenge but also start with all stack defined and lower the Stack Values when your application program grows. &nbsp; <div style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" |- valign="baseline" style="vertical-align: baseline;" | width="13" | <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial;">•</span> | Avoid to use SUB or FUNCTIONS (If you want to save SRAM space) |} </div><div style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" |- valign="baseline" style="vertical-align: baseline;" | width="13" | <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial;">•</span> | If you use Functions like PRINT, LCD, INPUT and the FP num <> &nbsp;FORMAT(), &nbsp;String conversion you need to define the 24 Byte conversion buffer (at least 24Byte for Software Stack + FRAME together). |} </div> [[File:Memusage1.png|center]] In this case just 9 Bytes are left for global variables&nbsp;! &nbsp; See also:&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_hwstack.htm $HWSTACK],&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_swstack.htm $SWSTACK],&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/_framesize.htm $FRAMESIZE] &nbsp; = <span class="f_Header">XRAM</span> = Some processors have an external memory interface. For example the ATMEGA128 has such an interface. The additional memory is named XRAM memory (extended or external memory). When you add 32 KB RAM, the first address will be 0. But because the XRAM can only start after the internal SRAM, the lower memory locations of the XRAM will not be available for use. The processor will automatically use the SRAM if an address is accessed that is in range of the SRAM memory. Thus adding 32KB of XRAM, will result in a total of 32 KB RAM. &nbsp; With ATXMEGA you can add XRAM with the EBI (External Bus Interface). There is no problem to add for example 16 MByte of external SDRAM. See&nbsp;[[CONFIG_XRAM|CONFIG XRAM]] <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> = <span class="f_Header">ERAM</span> = Most AVR chips have internal EEPROM on board. This EEPROM can be used to store and retrieve data. In BASCOM, this data space is called ERAM. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> An important difference is that an ERAM variable can only be written to a maximum of 100.000 times. So only assign an ERAM variable when it is required, and&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">never</span>&nbsp;use it in a loop or the ERAM will become unusable. Always use the Brown out detection of the processor to prevent EEPROM corruption. &nbsp; See also&nbsp;[[DIM]] For ATXMEGA see also&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">[[CONFIG_EEPROM|CONFIG EEPROM]]</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> = <span class="f_Header">Constant code usage</span> = Constants are stored in a constant table. Each used constant in your program will end up in the constant table. <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> For example: <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Print</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 128);">"ABCD"</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Print</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 128);">"ABCD"</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> This example will only store one constant (ABCD). <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Print</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 128);">"ABCD"</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Print</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 128);">"ABC"</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;</span> In this example, two constants will be stored because the strings differ. &nbsp; &nbsp; = <span class="f_Header">Stack</span> = <span class="f_Header">&nbsp;</span> See also:&nbsp;[[$HWSTACK]],&nbsp;[[$SWSTACK]],&nbsp;[[$FRAMESIZE]] &nbsp; The Stack is a part of SRAM (Static RAM). In SRAM the compiler stores user dimensioned variables, as well as internal variables, but SRAM holds also Hardware Stack, Software Stack and Frame. The Variables always start at the lowest SRAM Address. After Reset all SRAM Bytes are 0 (and strings are "") so the SRAM memory is cleared after reset. With the $noramclear option you can turn this behavior off which means the SRAM is not cleared after reset. &nbsp; The available SRAM depends on the Chip. &nbsp; With ATTINY13 for example you have 64Byte of SRAM and you will find this information beside the user manual in the *.DAT file. You can also double click the chip in Chip Pinout to view the chip parameters. &nbsp; The following you find in the&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">attiny13.dat</span>&nbsp;file:&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic; color: rgb(84, 141, 212);">SRAM = 64 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;; SRAM size</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;</span> Global Variables start with the lowest SRAM Address and the Hardware Stack start with the highest SRAM Address. &nbsp; [[File:Memusage2.png|center|memusage2]] <span class="f_ImageCaption">&nbsp;</span> <span class="f_ImageCaption">&nbsp;</span> Example for using with Bascom-AVR Simulator: <span class="f_ImageCaption">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$regfile</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 128);">"attiny13.dat"</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$crystal</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;4000000</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$hwstack</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;30</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$swstack</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;0</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$framesize</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;24</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Dim</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;B&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">As</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Byte</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">B&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;5</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">Pcmsk&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">B00000001&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">'PIN Change Int</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">ON</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;PCINT0 pin_change_isr</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Set</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(128, 0, 0);">Gimsk</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">5</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Enable</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Interrupts</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Do</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">!NOP</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Loop</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">End</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">'end program</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">pin_change_isr</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">:</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;B&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;7</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Return</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> With an ATTINY13 the SRAM is just 64Byte and it is easy to see which SRAM Bytes will be overwritten with Bascom AVR Simulator Memory Window. &nbsp; Click on&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">M</span>&nbsp;to display the memory window. &nbsp; [[File:Memusage3.png|center|memusage3]] <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span> [[File:Memusage4.png|center|memusage4]] Picture: SRAM of ATTINY13 when executing the above ATTINY13 example in Bascom Simulator <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> You can see the Hardware Stack (32 Byte) , Frame (24 Byte) and the Variable B. For this example you do not really need a Frame so it could be also&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$framesize</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;0</span>&nbsp;for this example. &nbsp; &nbsp; With ATXMEGA128A1 there is 8K Byte of SRAM available and you can find in the DAT file&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic; color: rgb(84, 141, 212);">SRAM = &nbsp; 8192 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;; SRAM size</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp; )</span> &nbsp; [[File:Notice.jpg|notice]]The Values of Stack should be ALWAYS defined at the beginning of any BASCOM-AVR Program in the main project file. The best place is right after the&nbsp;[http://avrhelp.mcselec.com/regfile.htm $REGFILE]&nbsp;statement. &nbsp; Example: <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$hwstack</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;32 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">' default use 32 for the hardware stack</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$swstack</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;32 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">' default use 32 for the SW stack</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$framesize</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;40 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">' default use 40 for the frame space</span><br/><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">&nbsp;</span> = <span class="f_Header">The following example show what can happen when you define NO Stacks or Frame &nbsp;or when you define not enough Stack or Frame.</span> = In this example we use: $hwstack = 64, &nbsp;$swstack = 0, $framesize = 8 &nbsp; As we know now Software Stack and FRAME together must be as absolute minimum 24 Byte (for the conversion buffer) so we force the overwriting of Hardware Stack which causes malfunction. &nbsp; (Reminder: Don’t start with the lowest values for Stack and Frame) &nbsp; &nbsp; [[File:Embim1.png|center]] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Picture : SRAM for example with$hwstack = 64, &nbsp;$swstack =&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">0</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, $framesize =&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">8</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span> You can now imagine what could happen: &nbsp; <div style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" |- valign="baseline" style="vertical-align: baseline;" | width="13" | <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial;">•</span> | Because of overwritten return address in Hardware Stack the micro is jumping to somewhere else and malfunction if forced. |} </div><div style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" |- valign="baseline" style="vertical-align: baseline;" | width="13" | <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial;">•</span> | Functions like PRINT overwrite addresses of LOCAL Variables and here also will the micro jump to somewhere else and malfunction is forced. |} </div> &nbsp; [[File:Memusage6.png|center|memusage6]] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Picture: Simulator Memory Windows for example with $hwstack = 64, &nbsp;$swstack =&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">0</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, $framesize =&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">8</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; = <span class="f_Header">Now an example for passing an Array to a SUB:</span> = <span class="f_Header">&nbsp;</span> [[File:Memusage11.png|center]] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> With this example we see the complete SRAM. The SRAM start with the dimed variables. In this case it start with the variable I followed by the Array Ar of &nbsp;16 Byte and in the end the variable&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">B</span>. &nbsp; Because it is easier with the memory window of &nbsp;Bascom Simulator I choose multiple of 16 for Stack and Framesize. We have here 2 Addresses stored in Software Stack. One address for the Array and one address for the variable&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">B</span>. &nbsp; So passing an Array to a SUB just need 2 Bytes for the address in Stack which is the same size as for one Byte variable (here variable&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">B</span>). &nbsp; [[File:Memusage7.png|center|memusage7]] &nbsp; <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Picture: Simulator Memory Window for example passing an Array to a SUB</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> With this example you also see that especially with ATTINY and smaller ATMEGA it is not that complicated to see if other SRAM bytes will be overwritten by something and causes malfunction. You have with the Simulator window the “big picture” of SRAM and STACK together. &nbsp; As already written it is easier to use multiple of 16 for Hardware Stack, Software Stack and FRAME as a starting point because one line in Simulator Memory window is 16 Bytes. <span class="f_Header">&nbsp;</span> = <span class="f_Header">How to see which Variables are stored on &nbsp;which SRAM Byte ?</span> = You can find out the stored variable with the Bascom-AVR Simulator Memory Window by clicking on that byte. Click on SRAM Bytes show the OCCUPIED BY in the footer of that window. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Only the first Byte of an Array will show the Name of the Array !</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;</span> [[File:Memusage8.png|center|memusage8]] Picture: How to see which Variables are stored on &nbsp;which SRAM Byte &nbsp; You can also find this information in the Compiler output report: In this case under VARIABLES &nbsp; [[File:Memusage9.png|center|memusage9]] &nbsp; <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Picture: How to see which Variables are stored on &nbsp;which SRAM Address</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> The following small example is good for examining the Bascom-AVR internal variables like _sec, _min or _hour in Bascom-AVR Simulator Memory Window. &nbsp; <span style="font-weight: bold;">Config Clock = &nbsp;User</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;for example create the internal variables for seconds (_sec), minutes (_min) ,hour (_hour) etc…. You can see this variables by clicking on the SRAM Byte and watch the footer of that Bascom-AVR Simulator Memory Window footer. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$regfile</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 128);">"m88def.dat"</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$hwstack</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;48</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$swstack</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;80</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">$framesize</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;80</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Config</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;Clock&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;User</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><br/><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">End</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">'end program</span> [[File:Memusage10.png|center|memusage10]] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Picture: Internal Variables in the Bascom-AVR Simulator Memory Window</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;</span> = <span class="f_Header">See also</span> = [[$HWSTACK]],&nbsp;[[$SWSTACK]],&nbsp;[[$FRAMESIZE]] {{Languages}} [[Category:BASCOM HARDWARE]]

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