$CRYSTAL

Action

Instruct the compiler to override the crystal frequency options setting.

 

 

Syntax

$CRYSTAL = var

 

 

Remarks

var	A numeric constant with the Frequency of the crystal.

 

The frequency is selectable from the Options Compiler Communication. It is stored in a configuration file. The $CRYSTAL directive overrides this setting.

It is best to use the $CRYSTAL directive as the used crystal frequency is visible in your program that way.

 

 The $CRYSTAL directive only informs the compiler about the used frequency. It does not set any fuse bit. The frequency must be know by the compiler for a number of reasons. First when you use serial communications, and you specify $BAUD, the compiler can calculate the proper settings for the UBR register. And second there are a number of routines like WAITMS, that use the execution time of a loop to generate a delay. When you specify $CRYSTAL = 1000000 (1 MHz) but in reality, connect a 4 MHz XTAL, you will see that everything will work 4 times as quick.

 

Most new AVR chips have an internal oscillator that is enabled by default. Check the data sheet for the default value.

Most new AVR chips have an option to divide the oscillator frequency by a number of values. If these options are used you need to take this into account.

For example, you connect a 16 MHz crystal and select the external oscillator fuse byte, this would result in a 16 MHz clock for most old processors.

Most new processors have an internal divider which can be enabled. This is an 8-divider in most cases. So in such a case, the resulting frequency would be 2 MHz. $crystal should have a value of 2 MHz in that case.

Instead of changing the divider fusebyte you can also use the CONFIG CLOCKDIV command to select the division factor.

In case you have a crystal with 16 MHz and you code has code like : CONFIG CLOCKDIV=4 , you would use $CRYSTAL=4000000

Thus $crystal is the clock value used to clock the processor.

 

 

See also

$BAUD , BAUD , CONFIG CLOCKDIV

 

 

Example

$regfile = "m48def.dat"
$crystal = 4000000
$baud = 19200
 
Config Com1 = Dummy , Synchrone = 0 , Parity = None , Stopbits = 1 , Databits = 8 , Clockpol = 0
 
Print "Hello world"
End

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